CHAPTER
TWO / CHAPITRE DEUX
The Fabricated Body: History
of Anatomy
Le corps fabriqué:
histoire de l’anatomie
Topics in this page / Sujets
ici
General Works, Collections
and Atlases / Oeuvres généraux, Collections, Atlases
Antiquity and Middle Ages / Antiquité et Moyen Age
Early Modern / Début de modernité aux Lumières
General Works, Collections,
and Atlases / Oeuvres généraux, collections, atlas
Alberti, Fay Bound. This Mortal Coil: The Human
Body in History and Culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Andrist,
Debra D. The Body, Subject & Subjected: The Representation of the Body
Itself, Illness, Injury, Treatment & Death in Spain and Indigenous and
Hispanic American art & literature. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press,
2016.
Aldersey-Williams, Hugh. Anatomies: A Cultural
History of the Human Body. W.W. Norton, 2014.
Barnett, Richard. The Sick Rose, or,
Disease and the Art of Medical Illustration. New York: D.A.P. Distributed
Art Publishers, Inc., 2014.
Bechtel,
William. Discovering Cell Mechanisms: The
Creation of Modern Cell Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2006.
Burns, Elizabeth A., and Stanley B Burns.
Stiffs, Skulls & Skeletons: Medical Photography and Symbolism.
Schiffer Pub Inc, 2015.
Cavicchioli, Silvia, and Luigi Provero, Public Uses of Human
Remains and Relics in History. New York: Routledge, Taylor Francis, 2020.
Cazort, Mimi. The Ingenious Machine of Nature: Four
Centuries of Art and Anatomy. Ottawa: National Gallery of Canada, 1996.
Claes, Tinne. Corpses in Belgian Anatomy,
1860-1914: Nobody's Dead. Palgrave, 2019.
Cruz,
Joan C. The Incorruptibles: A Study of the
Incorruptibility of the Bodies of Various Saints and Beati [1971], Tan
Books, 1991.
Efron,
John M. Images of the Jewish Body: Three Medical Views from the Jewish
Enlightenment. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 69 (1995): 349–66.
Ferber, Sarah, and Sally
Wilde, eds. The Body Divided: Human Beings and Human Material' in Modern
Medical History. Farnham; Burlington,
VT: Ashgate, 2011.
Ghosh, Sanjib
Kumar. Human cadaveric dissection: a historical account from ancient Greece to
the modern era. Anatomy & Cell Biology 48.3 (2015): 153-69.
Gilman,
Sander L. Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and
Madness. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985.
Graciano, Andrew, ed. Visualizing the Body
in Art, Anatomy, and Medicine since 1800: Models and Modeling New York:
Routledge, 2019.
Hallam, Elizabeth. Anatomy Museum: Death
and the Body Displayed. London: Reaktion, 2016.
Hayes, Bill. The Anatomist: A True Story
of Gray's Anatomy. New York: Bellevue Literary Press, 2009.
Hendriksen, Marieke M.A. Elegant Anatomy:
The Eighteenth-Century Leiden Anatomical Collections. Brill, 2015.
Hildebrandt, Sabine. The Anatomy of
Murder: Ethical Transgressions and Anatomical Science during the Third Reich.
New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2016.
Hopwood,
N. Artist Versus Anatomist, Models against Dissection: Paul Zeiller of Munich
and the Revolution of 1848. Medical
History 51 (2007): 279-308.
Huistra, Hieke. The Afterlife of the Leiden Anatomical
Collections: Hands on, Hands off. London and New York: Routledge, 2019.
Imy, Kate, Teresa
Segura-Garcia, Elena Valdameri and Erica Wald (eds.). Bodies beyond Binaries in Colonial
and Postcolonial Asia (Global Connections: Routes and Roots-11.) Leiden:
Leiden University Press, 2024
Knoeff, Rina, and Robert Zwijnenberg,
eds., The Fate of Anatomical Collections. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2015.
Landers, Matthew, and Brian Muñoz, eds. Anatomy
and the Organization of Knowledge, 1500-1850. London: Pickering &
Chatto, 2012.
Laqueur, Thomas. Making
Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press, 1990.
Anatomie(s) and pathologies: les collections morphologiques
de la Faculté de médecine
de Strasbourg. Strasbourg: ID Edition,
2009.
Lock,
Margaret M. Twice Dead: Organ Transplants
and the Reinvention of Death. Berkeley: University of California Press,
2002 [compares Japan to North America].
MacDonald,
Helen. Human Remains: Dissections and Its
Histories. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.
Mangham, Andrew, and Greta
Depledge, eds. The Female Body in Medicine and Literature. Liverpool:
Liverpool University Press, 2011.
McGrath,
Roberta. Seeing Her Sex: Medical Archives
and the Female Body. Manchester; New York: Manchester University Press and
Palgrave, 2002.
Olry, Regis. Wax, Wooden, Ivory, Cardboard, Bronze, Fabric, Plaster, Rubber and
Plastic Anatomical Models: Praiseworthy Precursors of Plastinated
Specimens. J Int Soc
Plastination 15.1
(2000): 30-35.
Parnes,
Ohad. The Envisioning of Cells. Science
in Context 13 (2000): 71-92.
Persaud,
T.V.N. A History of Anatomy in the Post-Vesalian
Era. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1997.
Persaud, T.V.N., Marios Loukas, and
R. Shane Tubbs. A History of Human Anatomy, 2nd ed.
Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 2014.
Quigley, Christine. Dissection on Display:
Cadavers, Anatomists, and Public Spectacle. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland
& Co., 2012.
Richmond,
Marsha L. T.H. Huxley's Criticism of German Cell Theory: an
Epigenetic and Physiological Interpretation of Cell Structure. Journal of the History of Biology 33
(2000): 247-89.
Riggs,
G. What Should We Do about Eduard Pernkopf's Atlas?’ Academic Medicine 73 (1999): 380-86.
Robbins, Brent Dean. The Medicalized Body
and Anesthetic Culture: The Cadaver, the Memorial Body, and the Recovery of
Lived Experience. Palgrave, 2018.
Roberts,
K.B., and J.D.W. Tomlinson. The Fabric of the Body: European Traditions of
Anatomical Illustration. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.
photographers; and Forces of Form: The Vrolik
Museum Amsterdam:
Vossiuspers UvA,
2009.
Schiebinger,
Londa. Nature’s Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science. 2nd
ed. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutger’s University Press, 2004.
Seidelman, William E. Dissecting
the History of Anatomy in the Third Reich--1989-2010: a Personal Account. Ann
Anat 194.3 (2012): 228-36.
Stafford,
Barbara Maria. Body Criticism: Imaging the Unseen in Enlightenment Art and
Medicine. Cambridge, Mass., and London: MIT Press, 1991.
Stephens, Elizabeth. Anatomy as Spectacle:
Public Exhibitions of the Body from 1700 to the Present. Liverpool:
Liverpool University Press, 2011.
Stern,
Megan. Dystopian Anxieties versus Utopian Ideals: Medicine from Frankenstein to
the Visible Human Project and Body Worlds. Science
and Culture 15 (2006): 61-84.
Štrkalj, Goran and
Nalini Pather, eds. Commemoration and Memorials: Exploring the Human Face of
Anatomy. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific, 2017.
Tubbs, R. Shane, Mohammadali M. Shoja, Marios
Loukas, Paul Agutter. History of Anatomy: an
International Perspective. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell, 2019.
Wils, Kaat, Raf de Bont, and Sokhieng Au, eds. Bodies beyond Borders: Moving
Anatomies, 1750-1950. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2017.
Antiquity and the
Middle Ages / Antiquité et Moyen Age
Bubb,
Claire. Dissection in Classical Antiquity: A Social and Medical History.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
Cunningham,
Andrew. The End of the Sacred Ritual of Anatomy. Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 18 (2001): 187-204.
Cunningham,
Andrew. The Anatomical Renaissance: The Resurrection of the Anatomical
Projects of the Ancients. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997.
Draycott, Jane, and Emma-Jayne Graham. Bodies of Evidence:
Ancient Anatomical Votives Past, Present and Future. New York: Routledge,
2017.
Flemming, Rebecca. Anatomical Votives:
Popular Medicine in Republican Italy?’ In William V Harris ed. Popular
Medicine in Graeco-Roman Antiquity: Explorations. Leiden, Boston: Brill,
2016.
Ghosh, Sanjib Kumar. Human cadaveric
dissection: a historical account from ancient Greece to the modern era. Anat
Cell Biol 48.3 (2015): 153-169.
Gordon,
Andrew H., and Calvin W. Schwabe. The
Quick and the Dead: Biomedical Theory in Ancient Egypt. Egyptological
memoirs. Leiden; Boston: Brill: Styx, 2004.
Hartnell, Jack. Medieval Bodies: Life,
Death and Art in the Middle Ages. London: Profile Books and Wellcome Collection, 2018.
Herrlinger,
Robert. History of Medical Illustration from Antiquity to 1600. Trans.
Graham Fulton-Smith. Munich: Editions Medicina Rara and Heinz Moos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1970.
Hughes, Jessica. Votive Body Parts in
Greek and Roman Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
Nutton, Vivian, ed. Principles of Anatomy
According to the Opinion of Galen by Johann Guinter and Andreas Vesalius.
London, New York: Routledge, 2017.
Park,
Katharine. Secrets of Women: Gender,
Generation, and the Origins of Human Dissection. New York, Cambridge,
Mass.: Zone Books, 2006.
Persaud,
T.V.N. Early History of Human Anatomy: From Antiquity to the Beginning of
the Modern Era. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1984.
Von
Staden, Heinrich. The Discovery of the Body: Human
Dissection and Its Cultural Contexts in Ancient Greece. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 65 (1992): 223-41.
Von
Staden, Heinrich. Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria:
Edition, Translation, Essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Early Modern / Debut de modernité aux Lumières
Bouley, Bradford A. Pious Postmortems:
Anatomy, Sanctity, and the Catholic Church in Early Modern Europe.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.
Bubb,
Claire. Dissection in Classical Antiquity: A Social and Medical History.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022
Canalis, Rinaldo Fernando, and Massimo
Ciavolella. Andreas Vesalius and the Fabrica in the Age of Printing: Art,
Anatomy and Printing in the Italian Renaissance. Turnhout: Brepols, 2018.
Carlino,
A. Paper Bodies: A Catalogue of Anatomical Fugitive Sheets, 1538-1687. Medical History Supplement 19 (1999): 1-352.
Cavanagh,
G.S. Terence. The Panorama of Vesalius: A Lost’ Design from Titian’s Studio.
Athens, Ga: Sacrum Press, 1996; also Medical
History 27 (1983): 77–9.
Cuir, Raphael. The Development of the Study of Anatomy
from the Renaissance to Cartesianism: da Carpi,
Vesalius, Estienne, Bidloo. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin
Mellen Press, 2009.
Cunningham,
Andrew. The Anatomical Renaissance: The Resurrection of the Anatomical
Projects of the Ancients. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997.
Dacome, Lucia. Malleable Anatomies: Models, Makers, and
Material Culture in Eighteenth-Century Italy. Oxford University Press, 2017.
De
Ceglia, Francesco, ed. The Body of Evidence: Corpses and Proofs in Early
Modern European Medicine. Leiden: Brill, 2020.
Del Maestro, Rolando F. Leonardo da
Vinci: The Search for the Soul. J
Neurosurg.
89.5 (1998): 874-87.
Dirix, Theo. In Search of Andreas Vesalius:
The Quest of the Lost Grave. Leuven: Lannoo Press, 2014.
Ebenstein, Joanna. Morbid Anatomy
Museum: The Anatomical Venus. London: Thames and Hudson, 2012.
Ebenstein, Joanna. The Anatomical Venus: Wax, God,
Death & the Ecstatic.
Distributed Art Publishers, 2016.
Gielen, Erika, and Michèle
Goyens, eds. Towards the Authority of Vesalius: Studies on Medicine and the
Human Body from Antiquity to the Renaissance and Beyond. Turnhout: Brepols, 2018.
Goss, Erin. Revealing Bodies: Anatomy,
Allegory, and the Grounds of Knowledge in the Long Eighteenth Century. Lewisburg,
PA: Bucknell University Press, 2012.
Grmek, Mirko. La
notion de la fibre vivante chez les médecins
de l’école iatrophysique. Clio
Medica, 5 (1970): 297-318.
Guerrini, Anita. The Courtiers'
Anatomists: Animals and Humans in Louis XIV's Paris. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2015.
Hancock, E. Geoffrey, Nick Pearce and Mungo
Campbell, eds. William Hunter's World: The Art and Science of
Eighteenth-Century Collecting. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2015.
Huisman, Tim. The Finger of God:
Anatomical Practice in 17th-Century Leiden. Leiden: Primavera
Pers, 2009.
Ishizuka, Hisao, Fiber,
Medicine, and Culture in the British Enlightenment. New York: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2016.
Kardel, Troels, and Paul Maquet M., eds.
Nicolaus Steno: Biography and Original Papers of a 17th Century Scientist.
Heidelberg: Springer, 2013.
Klestinec, Cynthia. Theaters of Anatomy: Students, Teachers,
and Traditions of Dissection in Renaissance Venice. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 2011.
Kooijmans, Luuc. Death Defied: The Anatomy Lessons of Frederick
Ruysch. Trans. Diane Webb. Leiden: Brill, 2011.
Messbarger, Rebecca. The Lady Anatomist:
The Life and Work of Anna Morandi Manzolini. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 2010.
Nutton, Vivian, ed. Principles of Anatomy
According to the Opinion of Galen by Johann Guinter and Andreas Vesalius.
London, New York: Routledge, 2017.
Nutton, Vivian. Vesalius Revised. His Annotations to the 1555 Fabrica. Medical
History 56.4 (2012): 415–443.
O’Malley,
C.D., and J.B. de C.M. Saunders. Leonardo da Vinci on the Human Body.
New York: Schuman, 1952.
Richardson
W.F., and J.B. Carman. On Translating Vesalius. Medical History 38 (1994):
281–302.
Schultz,
Bernard. Art and Anatomy in Renaissance Italy. Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI
Research Press, 1985.
Sherrington,
Charles. The Endeavour of John Fernel. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1946.
Skaarup, Björn
Okholm. Anatomy and anatomists in early modern Spain. London: Routledge,
2016.
Wells, Francis C., and Martin Clayton. The
Heart of Leonardo: Renaissance Art and Modern Science. Prestel, 2008.
Britain / Iles Britanniques
, Morbid Curiosities: Medical
museums in Nineteenth-Century Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2011.
Armstrong,
David. Political Anatomy of the Body: Medical Knowledge in Britain in the
Twentieth Century. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Bates,
Alan W. The Anatomy of Robert Knox: Murder, Mad Science and Medical
Regulation in Nineteenth-Century Edinburgh. Sussex Academic Press, 2010.
Barzun,
Jacques, ed. Burke and Hare: The Resurrection Men. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow
Press and New York Academy of Medicine, 1974.
Bennett, Rachel E. Capital Punishment and
the Criminal Corpse in Scotland, 1740-1834. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
Burrell,
S. and G. Gill. The Liverpool Cholera Epidemic of 1832 and Anatomical
Dissection--Medical Mistrust and Civil Unrest. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 60 (2005): 478-98.
Choi, Tina Young. Anonymous
Connections: The Body and Narratives of the Social in Victorian Britain.
Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2015.
Cunningham,
Andrew. The Anatomist Anatomis’d: An Experimental
Discipline in Enlightenment Europe. Farnham, Surrey; Burlington, VT, USA:
Ashgate, 2010.
Dewhurst,
Kenneth. Locke and Sydenham on the Teaching of Anatomy. Medical History 2
(1958): 1–12.
Fowler, Louise,
and Natasha Powers. Doctors, dissection and resurrection men: excavations in
the 19th-century burial ground of the London Hospital, 2006. London: Museum of London
Archaeology, 2012.
Hurren, Elizabeth T. Dissecting the
Criminal Corpse: Staging Post-Execution Punishment in Early Modern England.
Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Hurren, Elizabeth T. Dying for Victorian
Medicine: English Anatomy and its Trade in the Dead Poor, c.1834-1929. Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan,
2012.
Hutton, Fiona. The Study of Anatomy in
Britain, 1700-1900. London: Pickering and Chatto, 2013.
Jacyna,
L. S. "A Host of Experienced Microscopists": The Establishment of
Histology in Nineteenth-Century Edinburgh. Bulletin
of the History of Medicine 75 (2001): 225-53.
Jacyna,
L. S. More Fibre: The Negotiation of Microscopic
Facts in Victorian Britain. Journal of
the History of Biology 36 (2003): 39-85.
MacDonald, Helen. Possessing the Dead: The
Artful Science of Anatomy. Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press, 2010.
[includes Australia].
McCracken-Flesher, Caroline. The Doctor
Dissected: A Cultural Autopsy of the Burke and Hare Murders. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2012.
Mitchell, Piers D. ed. Anatomical
Dissection in Enlightenment England and Beyond: Autopsy, Pathology, and Display.
Farnham: Ashgate, 2012.
Nunn, Hillary M. Staging Anatomies:
Dissection and Spectacle in Early Stuart Tragedy. New York: Routledge, 2016.
Patrizio,
Andrew, and Dawn Kemp. Anatomy Acts: How
We Come to Know Ourselves. Edinburgh: Birlinn,
2006.
Richardson,
Ruth. Death, Dissection, and the
Destitute. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
Rosner, Lisa. The Anatomy Murders: Being
the True and Spectacular History of Edinburgh's Notorious Burke and Hare, and
of the Man of Science who Abetted Them in the Commission of Their Most Heinous
Crimes. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.
Belyea, Scott. A Century of Grave-Robbing in
Kingston, Ontario. Ontario History 108.1 (2016): 24-42.
Leblond,
Sylvio. Anatomistes et résurrectionistes
au Canada, et plus particulièrement dans la province
de Québec. Canadian Medical Association Journal 95 (1966): 1193–7,
1247–51.
MacGillivray,
Royce. Body Snatching in Ontario. Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 5
(1988): 51–60.
Robert, Martin.
Cette science nécessaire:
Dissections humaines et formation médicale
au Québec Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2023.
Robinson,
Clayton L.N. J.C. Boileau Grant: Anatomist Extraordinary. Toronto:
Hannah Institute and Dundurn Press, 1993.
Shepherd,
Francis J. Reminiscences of Student Days and Dissecting Room. Montreal:
The Author, 1919.
Gourevitch, Danielle. Vésale et le bémol
de Daremberg. Histoire des Sciences Médicales 48.4 (2014): 523-36.
Guivarc’h,
Marcel. Lieux de dissections et morgues dans Paris, de 1200 à nos jours. Histoire des
Sciences Médicales 36.4. (2002): 431-50.
Leblond,
Sylvio. Anatomistes et résurrectionnistes
en France. Canadian Medical Association Journal 99.8
(1968): 368-70.
Luauté, Jean-Pierre, dir. Quand les aliénistes ouvraient les corps. Paris: Editions Glyphe 2020
Mazliak, Paul. Jean Fernel,
premier physiologiste de la Renaissance. Paris Hermann, 2016.
Mercier, Louis Sébastien. Tableau de Paris, 1782-83, vol. 8, lieu et éditeur non-identifié.
Mercier, Louis
Sebastien. The Picture of Paris before and after the Revolution, 1788.
Trans. Wilfrid and Emilie Jackson (London: Routledge, 1929).
Scheid,
Volker. Promoting free flow in the networks: Reimagining the body in early
modern Suzhou [China]. History of Science. 56.2 (2018): 131-67.
Weiner, Dora B.
The Citizen-Patient in
Revolutionary and Imperial Paris. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press. 1993.
Garment,
A., S. Lederer, N. Rogers, L. Boult. Let the Dead Teach the Living: The Rise of
Body Bequeathal in 20th-Century America. Academic
Medicine 82 (2007): 1000-5.
Lederer,
Susan E. Flesh and Blood: Organ
Transplantation and Blood Transfusion in 20th Century America. New York:
Oxford University Press, 2008.
Pauly,
John E. The American Association of
Anatomists, 1888-1987: Essays on the History of Anatomy in America … . Baltimore:
Williams & Wilkins, 1987.
Sappol, Michael. A
Traffic of Dead Bodies: Anatomy and Embodied Social Identity in
Nineteenth-Century America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.
Warner,
J. H., and L. J. Rizzolo. Anatomical Instruction and Training for
Professionalism from the 19th to the 21st Centuries. Clinical Anatomy 19 (2006): 403-14.
Warner, John Harley and James Edmonson. Dissection: Photographs of a
Rite of Passage in American Medicine, 1880 – 1930. New York: Basic Books,
2009.
Websites
Dozens
of online displays of anatomical works related to forensic medicine, artistic endeavour, and imagination can be found at the website of
the National Library of Medicine (U.S.). History of Medicine Division. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/browse.html.
last
revised March 2026